TimeSeries Functions

Functions that take a TimeSeries as their input

abs

Transforms all values of the input variable to absolute (positive) values.

Works with:

• Scalars
• Timeseries
• Curves
• Lists/Arrays

Syntax

abs(var)

Examples

Timeseries

at = TimeSeries("DAILY")
at.add("2020-11-01", 12.5)
at.add("2020-11-02", -12.75)
at.add("2020-11-03", 12.9)
at.add("2020-11-04", -11.5)
at.add("2020-11-05", 11.9)
absat = abs(at)
print absat.values

[
  {"2020-11-01": 12.5},
  {"2020-11-02": 12.75},
  {"2020-11-03": 12.9},
  {"2020-11-04": 11.5},
  {"2020-11-05": 11.9}
]

List

testarray = [-1,6,0,-2]
print abs(testarray)

Curve

expiry = ExpiryCalendar(BusinessCalendar())
expiry.addRule("go back 1 day using calendar")
ondate = CurveDate(Date("2020-12-01"), expiry)
c1 = Curve(ondate)
c1.add(Contract(ondate, "2021M01", 12.5))
c1.add(Contract(ondate, "2021M02", -12.75))
c1.add(Contract(ondate, "2021M03", 13.0))
print abs(c1)

Scalar

print abs(-2)

2

acos

Returns the arc cosine of a value; the returned angle is in the range 0.0 through pi.

Special case: If the argument is NaN or its absolute value is greater than 1, then the result is NaN.

The computed result must be within 1 ulp of the exact result. Results must be semi-monotonic.

Works with:

• Scalars
• Timeseries
• Curves
• Lists/Arrays

Syntax

acos(var)

asin

Returns the arc sine of a value; the returned angle is in the range -pi/2 through pi/2.

Special cases:

• If the argument is NaN or its absolute value is greater than 1, then the result is NaN.
• If the argument is zero, then the result is a zero with the same sign as the argument.

Works with:

• Scalars
• Timeseries
• Curves
• Lists/Arrays

Syntax

asin(var)

atan

Returns the arc tangent of a value; the returned angle is in the range -pi/2 through pi/2.

Special cases:

• If the argument is NaN or its absolute value is greater than 1, then the result is NaN.
• If the argument is zero, then the result is a zero with the same sign as the argument.

The computed result must be within 1 ulp of the exact result. Results must be semi-monotonic.

Works with:

• Scalars
• Timeseries
• Curves
• Lists/Arrays

Syntax

atan(var)

atan2

Returns the angle theta from the conversion of rectangular coordinates (x, y) to polar coordinates (r, theta). This method computes the phase theta by computing an arc tangent of y/x in the range of -pi to pi.

Special cases:

• If either argument is NaN, then the result is NaN.
• If the first argument is positive zero and the second argument is positive, or the first argument is positive and finite and the second argument is positive infinity, then the result is positive zero.
• If the first argument is negative zero and the second argument is positive, or the first argument is negative and finite and the second argument is positive infinity, then the result is negative zero.
• If the first argument is positive zero and the second argument is negative, or the first argument is positive and finite and the second argument is negative infinity, then the result is the double value closest to pi.
• If the first argument is negative zero and the second argument is negative, or the first argument is negative and finite and the second argument is negative infinity, then the result is the double value closest to -pi.
• If the first argument is positive and the second argument is positive zero or negative zero, or the first argument is positive infinity and the second argument is finite, then the result is the double value closest to pi/2.
• If the first argument is negative and the second argument is positive zero or negative zero, or the first argument is negative infinity and the second argument is finite, then the result is the double value closest to -pi/2.
• If both arguments are positive infinity, then the result is the double value closest to pi/4.
• If the first argument is positive infinity and the second argument is negative infinity, then the result is the double value closest to 3*pi/4.
• If the first argument is negative infinity and the second argument is positive infinity, then the result is the double value closest to -pi/4.
• If both arguments are negative infinity, then the result is the double value closest to -3*pi/4.

The computed result must be within 2 ulps of the exact result. Results must be semi-monotonic.

Works with:

• Scalars
• Timeseries
• Curves
• Lists/Arrays

Syntax

atan2(ordinate, abscissa)

cbrt

Returns the cube root of a double value. For positive finite x, cbrt(-x) == -cbrt(x); that is, the cube root of a negative value is the negative of the cube root of that value's magnitude.

Special cases:

• If the argument is NaN, then the result is NaN.
• If the argument is infinite, then the result is an infinity with the same sign as the argument.
• If the argument is zero, then the result is a zero with the same sign as the argument.

The computed result must be within 1 ulp of the exact result.

Works with:

• Scalars
• Timeseries
• Curves
• Lists/Arrays

Syntax

cbrt(var)

correlation

PearsonsCorrelation computes correlations defined by the formula:

cor(X, Y) = sum[(xi - E(X))(yi - E(Y))] / [(n - 1)s(X)s(Y)]

where E(X) and E(Y) are means of X and Y and s(X), s(Y) are standard deviations.

Syntax

correlation(list)

The list parameter is a list of variables which can be one of:

• Timeseries
• Reference to a Timeseries
• String id of a Timeseries

Example

Con = TimeSeries("2021-10-01", "BUSINESS", [8.12,1.19,2.82,4.1,-6.31,6.87,1.16,-0.63,1.25,0.93])
Man = TimeSeries("2021-10-01", "BUSINESS", [8.98,4.23,0.71,2.47,-8.29,7.34,-0.39,-2.18,3.86,-0.84])
Tech = TimeSeries("2021-10-01", "BUSINESS", [8.97,5.32,3.31,6,-7.75,7.51,3.38,-2.33,1.01,3.06])
Health = TimeSeries("2021-10-01", "BUSINESS", [5.25,3.23,0.48,-3.13,-3.37,6.84,-2.19,-0.61,-0.94,4.73])

lts = [Con, Man, Tech, Health]

print correlation(lts)

Output

        Con         Man         Tech        Health
Con     1           0.926711    0.940898    0.627738
Man     0.926711    1           0.903867    0.660247
Tech    0.940898    0.903867    1           0.624856
Health  0.627738    0.660247    0.624856    1

cos

Returns the trigonometric cosine of an angle.

Special cases:

• If the argument is NaN or an infinity, then the result is NaN.

The computed result must be within 1 ulp of the exact result. Results must be semi-monotonic.

Works with:

• Scalars
• Timeseries
• Curves
• Lists/Arrays

Syntax

cos(var)

cosh

Returns the hyperbolic cosine of a double value. The hyperbolic cosine of x is defined to be (ex + e-x)/2 where e is Euler's number.

Special cases:

• If the argument is NaN, then the result is NaN.
• If the argument is infinite, then the result is positive infinity.
• If the argument is zero, then the result is 1.0.

The computed result must be within 1 ulp of the exact result. Results must be semi-monotonic.

Works with:

• Scalars
• Timeseries
• Curves
• Lists/Arrays

Syntax

cosh(var)

covariance

Unbiased covariances are given by the formula cov(X, Y) = sum [(xi - E(X))(yi - E(Y))] / (n - 1)

where E(X) is the mean of X and E(Y) is the mean of the Y values.

Non-bias-corrected estimates use n in place of n - 1. Whether or not covariances are bias-corrected is determined by the optional parameter, biasCorrected which defaults to true.

Syntax

covariance(list)
covariance(list, biasCorrected)

The list parameter is a list of variables which can be one of:

• Timeseries
• Reference to a Timeseries
• String id of a Timeseries

The biasCorrected parameter is a boolean.

Example

Con = TimeSeries("2021-10-01", "BUSINESS", [8.12,1.19,2.82,4.1,-6.31,6.87,1.16,-0.63,1.25,0.93])
Man = TimeSeries("2021-10-01", "BUSINESS", [8.98,4.23,0.71,2.47,-8.29,7.34,-0.39,-2.18,3.86,-0.84])
Tech = TimeSeries("2021-10-01", "BUSINESS", [8.97,5.32,3.31,6,-7.75,7.51,3.38,-2.33,1.01,3.06])
Health = TimeSeries("2021-10-01", "BUSINESS", [5.25,3.23,0.48,-3.13,-3.37,6.84,-2.19,-0.61,-0.94,4.73])

lts = [Con, Man, Tech, Health]

mc = covariance(lts)
print mc
mc = covariance(lts, false)
print mc

Output

        Con         Man         Tech        Health
Con     16.141200   18.532833   18.617622   9.361344
Man     18.532833   24.777610   22.158876   12.199110
Tech    18.617622   22.158876   24.256440   11.423153
Health  9.361344    12.199110   11.423153   13.777943

        Con         Man         Tech        Health
Con     14.527080   16.679550   16.755860   8.425210
Man     16.679550   22.299849   19.942988   10.979199
Tech    16.755860   19.942988   21.830796   10.280838
Health  8.425210    10.979199   10.280838   12.400149

cave

Returns the cumulative average of the values of a List or Timeseries

Syntax

cave(list)
cave(timeseries)
cave(timeseries, calendar)

If you supply a Timeseries and a Calendar - the output will be cumulative average of the values aligned to the output calendar

Example

input = TimeSeries("DAILY")
input.add("2020-10-30", 10)
input.add("2020-10-31", 10)
input.add("2020-11-01", 11)
input.add("2020-11-02", 12)
input.add("2020-11-03", 12.9)
input.add("2020-11-04", 11.5)
input.add("2020-11-05", 11.9)
v = cave(input)
print v.values

v = cave(input, MonthlyCalendar())
print v.values

testarray = [-1,6,0,-2]
print cave(testarray)

[
2020-10-30  10.0
2020-10-31  10.0
2020-11-01  10.333333
2020-11-02  10.750000
2020-11-03  11.180000
2020-11-04  11.233333
2020-11-05  11.328571
]
[
2020-10-01  10
2020-11-01  11.328571
]
[
-1.0
2.500000
1.666667
0.750000
]

cmax

Returns the cumulative maximum of the values of a List or Timeseries

Syntax

cmax(list)
cmax(timeseries)
cmax(timeseries, calendar)

If you supply a Timeseries and a Calendar - the output will be cumulative maximum of the values aligned to the output calendar

Example

input = TimeSeries("DAILY")
input.add("2020-10-30", 10)
input.add("2020-10-31", 10)
input.add("2020-11-01", 11)
input.add("2020-11-02", 12)
input.add("2020-11-03", 12.9)
input.add("2020-11-04", 11.5)
input.add("2020-11-05", 11.9)
v = cmax(input)
print v.values

v = cmax(input, MonthlyCalendar())
print v.values

testarray = [-1,6,0,-2]
print cmax(testarray)

[
2020-10-30  10.0
2020-10-31  10.0
2020-11-01  11.0
2020-11-02  12.0
2020-11-03  12.900000
2020-11-04  12.900000
2020-11-05  12.900000
]
[
2020-10-01  10
2020-11-01  12.900000
]
[
-1.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
]

cmin

Returns the cumulative minimum of the values of a List or Timeseries

Syntax

cmin(list)
cmin(timeseries)
cmin(timeseries, calendar)

If you supply a Timeseries and a Calendar - the output will be cumulative minimum of the values aligned to the output calendar

Example

input = TimeSeries("DAILY")
input.add("2020-10-30", 10)
input.add("2020-10-31", 10)
input.add("2020-11-01", 11)
input.add("2020-11-02", 9.9)
input.add("2020-11-03", 12.9)
input.add("2020-11-04", 11.5)
input.add("2020-11-05", 11.9)
v = cmin(input)
print v.values

v = cmin(input, MonthlyCalendar())
print v.values

testarray = [-1,6,0,-2]
print cmin(testarray)

[
2020-10-30  10.0
2020-10-31  10.0
2020-11-01  10.0
2020-11-02  9.900000
2020-11-03  9.900000
2020-11-04  9.900000
2020-11-05  9.900000
]
[
2020-10-01  10
2020-11-01  9.900000
]
[
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-2.0
]

csum

Returns the cumulative sum of the values of a List or Timeseries

Syntax

csum(list)
csum(timeseries)
csum(timeseries, calendar)

If you supply a Timeseries and a Calendar - the output will be cumulative sums of the values aligned to the output calendar

Example

input = TimeSeries("DAILY")
input.add("2020-10-30", 10)
input.add("2020-10-31", 10)
input.add("2020-11-01", 11)
input.add("2020-11-02", 12)
input.add("2020-11-03", 12.9)
input.add("2020-11-04", 11.5)
input.add("2020-11-05", 11.9)
sum = csum(input)
print sum.values

sum = csum(input, MonthlyCalendar())
print sum.values

testarray = [-1,6,0,-2]
print csum(testarray)

[
2020-10-30  10.0
2020-10-31  20.0
2020-11-01  31.0
2020-11-02  43.0
2020-11-03  55.900000
2020-11-04  67.400000
2020-11-05  79.300000
]
[
2020-10-01  20
2020-11-01  79.300000
]
[
-1.0
5.0
5.0
3.0
]

diff

Returns a TimeSeries with the absolute change values from one observation to the next.

Syntax

diff(var)

Example

input = TimeSeries("DAILY")
input.add("2020-11-01", 12.5)
input.add("2020-11-02", 12.75)
input.add("2020-11-03", 12.9)
input.add("2020-11-04", 11.5)
input.add("2020-11-05", 11.9)

d = diff(input)
print d.values

[
2020-11-02  0.250000
2020-11-03  0.150000
2020-11-04  -1.400000
2020-11-05  0.400000
]

exp

Returns Euler's number e raised to the power of a double value.

Special cases:

• If the argument is NaN, the result is NaN.
• If the argument is positive infinity, then the result is positive infinity.
• If the argument is negative infinity, then the result is positive zero.

The computed result must be within 1 ulp of the exact result. Results must be semi-monotonic.

Works with:

• Scalars
• Timeseries
• Curves
• Lists/Arrays

Syntax

exp(var)

geomean

Returns the geometric average value from a list of values.

Geometric mean, sometimes referred to as compounded annual growth rate or time-weighted rate of return, is the average rate of return of a set of values calculated using the products of the terms.

Geometric mean is an important tool for calculating portfolio performance for many reasons, but one of the most significant is it takes into account the effects of compounding.

Syntax

var = geomean(List or TimeSeries)

Result

A number representing the geometric average value from the input List or TimeSeries

Example

data = [1,2,3]
print geomean(data)

1.817121

log

Returns the natural logarithm (base e) of a double value.

Special cases:

• If the argument is NaN or less than zero, then the result is NaN.
• If the argument is positive infinity, then the result is positive infinity.
• If the argument is positive zero or negative zero, then the result is negative infinity.

The computed result must be within 1 ulp of the exact result. Results must be semi-monotonic.

Works with:

• Scalars
• Timeseries
• Curves
• Lists/Arrays

Syntax

log(var)

log10

Returns the base 10 logarithm of a double value.

Special cases:

• If the argument is NaN or less than zero, then the result is NaN.
• If the argument is positive infinity, then the result is positive infinity.
• If the argument is positive zero or negative zero, then the result is negative infinity.
• If the argument is equal to 10n for integer n, then the result is n.

The computed result must be within 1 ulp of the exact result. Results must be semi-monotonic.

Works with:

• Scalars
• Timeseries
• Curves
• Lists/Arrays

Syntax

log10(var)

log1p

Returns the natural logarithm of the sum of the argument and 1. Note that for small values x, the result of log1p(x) is much closer to the true result of ln(1 + x) than the floating-point evaluation of log(1.0+x).

Special cases:

• If the argument is NaN or less than -1, then the result is NaN.
• If the argument is positive infinity, then the result is positive infinity.
• If the argument is negative one, then the result is negative infinity.
• If the argument is zero, then the result is a zero with the same sign as the argument.

The computed result must be within 1 ulp of the exact result. Results must be semi-monotonic.

Works with:

• Scalars
• Timeseries
• Curves
• Lists/Arrays

Syntax

log10(var)

max

Returns the largest value from a list of values.

Syntax

var = max(List or TimeSeries)

Result

A number representing the largest value from the input List or TimeSeries

Example

data = [5,6.7,-2]
print max(data)

6.7

mean

Returns the arithmetic average value from a list of values

Returns the arithmetic average value from a list of values using the formula:

Syntax

var = mean(List or TimeSeries)

Result

A number representing the arithmetic average value from the input List or TimeSeries

Example

data = [1,2,3]
print mean(data)

2

min

Returns the smallest value from a list of values.

Syntax

var = min(List or TimeSeries)

Result

A number representing the smallest value from the input List or TimeSeries

Example

data = [5,6.7,-2]
print min(data)

-2

pct

Returns a TimeSeries with the percentage change values from one observation to the next.

Syntax

pct(var)

Example

input = TimeSeries("DAILY")
input.add("2020-11-01", 10)
input.add("2020-11-02", 12)
input.add("2020-11-03", 12.9)
input.add("2020-11-04", 11.5)
input.add("2020-11-05", 11.9)

d = pct(input)
print d.values

[
2020-11-02  0.200000
2020-11-03  0.075000
2020-11-04  -0.108527
2020-11-05  0.034783
]

pow

Returns the value of the first argument raised to the power of the second argument.

The computed result must be within 1 ulp of the exact result. Results must be semi-monotonic.

Works with:

• Scalars
• Timeseries
• Curves
• Lists/Arrays

Syntax

pow(base, exponent)

scale

Rescales a TimeSeries to a different calendar

Syntax

ts = scale(input, calendar)
ts = scale(input, calendar, observed)
ts = scale(input, calendar, observed, distribution)

Observed

Observed relates to the way the value is recorded and can be one of the following:

• beginning
• end
• averaged
• summed
• high
• low
• delta
• none

Distribution

Distribution relates to the way a value is distributed across observations when you are scaling from lower to a higher frequency calendar and can be one of the following:

• constant
• linear
• cubic

info

For more information and examples of scaling TimeSeries, see here

Example

// Daily to Weekly
tsd = TimeSeries("2021-10-01", "DAILY", [12.5,13,14,15.5,14.2])
tsw = scale(tsd, WeeklyCalendar("Friday"))
print tsw.values

[
2021-09-24  12.500000
2021-10-01  14.200000
]

shift

Returns a TimeSeries that is shifted in time by the number of specified observations.

The function takes a Timeseries as the first parameter and an integer (positive or negative).

Syntax

shift(series, number)

Example

input = TimeSeries("DAILY")
input.add("2020-11-01", 10)
input.add("2020-11-02", 12)
input.add("2020-11-03", 12.9)
input.add("2020-11-04", 11.5)
input.add("2020-11-05", 11.9)

prior = shift(input, -1)
print prior.values

[
2020-10-31  10
2020-11-01  12
2020-11-02  12.900000
2020-11-03  11.500000
2020-11-04  11.900000
]

simpleRegression

SimpleRegression provides ordinary least squares regression with one independent variable estimating the linear model: y = intercept + slope * x or y = slope * x

Standard errors for intercept and slope are available as well as ANOVA, r-square and Pearson's r statistics.

Observations (x,y pairs) are added as time=x and value=y

The function result can also be used to predict other values given a Date input as shown in the example

Syntax

var = simpleRegression(TimeSeries)

Result

The output from this function is an Object with properties representing some statistical calculations on the input time-series as shown in the table below:

Property	Description
intercept	The intercept (often labeled the constant) is the expected mean value of Y when all X=0. Start with a regression equation with one predictor, X. If X sometimes equals 0, the intercept is simply the expected mean value of Y at that value. If X never equals 0, then the intercept has no intrinsic meaning.
slope	Slope is calculated by finding the ratio of the "vertical change" to the "horizontal change" between (any) two distinct points on a line. Sometimes the ratio is expressed as a quotient ("rise over run"), giving the same number for every two distinct points on the same line.
slopeStdErr	The standard error of the regression slope, s (also called the standard error of estimate) represents the average distance that your observed values deviate from the regression line. The smaller the “s” value, the closer your values are to the regression line.
interceptStdErr	The standard error of the the intercept allows you to test whether or not the estimated intercept is statistically significant from a specified(hypothesized) value ... normally 0.0 . If you test against 0.0 and fail to reject then you can then re-estimate your model without the intercept term being present.
meanSquareErr	The mean squared error (MSE) or mean squared deviation (MSD) of an estimator (of a procedure for estimating an unobserved quantity) measures the average of the squares of the errors—that is, the average squared difference between the estimated values and the actual value
N	N is the number of elements in a population
R	The Pearson correlation coefficient, also referred to as Pearson's r, the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient, or the bivariate correlation, is a statistic that measures linear correlation between two variables X and Y. It has a value between +1 and −1.
regressionSumSquares	Regression sum of squares (also known as the sum of squares due to regression or explained sum of squares) The regression sum of squares describes how well a regression model represents the modeled data. A higher regression sum of squares indicates that the model does not fit the data well.
RSquare	R-squared (R2) is a statistical measure that represents the proportion of the variance for a dependent variable that's explained by an independent variable or variables in a regression model. ... So, if the R2 of a model is 0.50, then approximately half of the observed variation can be explained by the model's inputs
significance	Statistical significance is a determination that a relationship between two or more variables is caused by something other than chance. Statistical hypothesis testing is used to determine whether the result of a data set is statistically significant.
slopeConfidenceInterval	With simple linear regression, to compute a confidence interval for the slope, the critical value is a t score with degrees of freedom equal to n - 2. ... df = n - 2 = 101 - 2 = 99. The critical value is the t statistic having 99 degrees of freedom and a cumulative probability equal to 0.995.
sumOfCrossProducts	The sum of cross products between all the elements of columns j and k is represented by Σ XrjXrk, summed over r. A matrix of sums of squares and sums of cross products is represented by X' X, as shown below. Thus, the diagonal elements of X' X are sums of squares, and the off-diagonal elements are cross products.
sumSquaredErrors	In statistics, the residual sum of squares (RSS), also known as the sum of squared residuals (SSR) or the sum of squared estimate of errors (SSE), is the sum of the squares of residuals (deviations predicted from actual empirical values of data).
totalSumSquares	The Total SS (TSS or SST) tells you how much variation there is in the dependent variable. Total SS = Σ(Yi – mean of Y)2. Note: Sigma (Σ) is a mathematical term for summation or “adding up.” It's telling you to add up all the possible results from the rest of the equation
XSumSquares	The sum of squares is a measure of deviation from the mean. In statistics, the mean is the average of a set of numbers and is the most commonly used measure of central tendency. The arithmetic mean is simply calculated by summing up the values in the data set and dividing by the number of values

The result also has methods as detailed in the following table:

Method	Description
predict(date)	Use the regression model to predict the y value for a new x (Date) value

Example

input = TimeSeries("DAILY")
input.add("2020-11-01", 12.5)
input.add("2020-11-02", 12.8)
input.add("2020-11-03", 12.9)
input.add("2020-11-04", 11.5)
input.add("2020-11-05", 11.9)

reg = simpleRegression(input)

print reg.slope
print reg.slopeStdErr
print reg.slopeConfidenceInterval
print reg.intercept
print reg.interceptStdErr
print reg.meanSquareErr
print reg.N
print reg.R
print reg.regressionSumSquares
print reg.RSquare
print reg.significance
print reg.sumOfCrossProducts
print reg.sumSquaredErrors
print reg.totalSumSquares
print reg.XSumSquares

// Predict the next value
print reg.predict(Date("2020-11-06"))

sin

Returns the trigonometric sine of an angle.

Special cases:

• If the argument is NaN or an infinity, then the result is NaN.
• If the argument is zero, then the result is a zero with the same sign as the argument.

The computed result must be within 1 ulp of the exact result. Results must be semi-monotonic.

Works with:

• Scalars
• Timeseries
• Curves
• Lists/Arrays

Syntax

sin(var)

sinh

Returns the hyperbolic sine of a double value. The hyperbolic sine of x is defined to be (ex - e-x)/2 where e is Euler's number.

Special cases:

• If the argument is NaN, then the result is NaN.
• If the argument is infinite, then the result is an infinity with the same sign as the argument.
• If the argument is zero, then the result is a zero with the same sign as the argument.

The computed result must be within 1 ulp of the exact result. Results must be semi-monotonic.

Works with:

• Scalars
• Timeseries
• Curves
• Lists/Arrays

Syntax

sinh(var)

sqrt

Returns the correctly rounded positive square root of a double value.

Special cases:

• If the argument is NaN or less than zero, then the result is NaN.
• If the argument is positive infinity, then the result is positive infinity.
• If the argument is positive zero or negative zero, then the result is the same as the argument.
• Otherwise, the result is the double value closest to the true mathematical square root of the argument value.

Works with:

• Scalars
• Timeseries
• Curves
• Lists/Arrays

Syntax

sqrt(var)

tan

Returns the trigonometric tangent of an angle.

Special cases:

• If the argument is NaN or an infinity, then the result is NaN.
• If the argument is zero, then the result is a zero with the same sign as the argument.

The computed result must be within 1 ulp of the exact result. Results must be semi-monotonic.

Works with:

• Scalars
• Timeseries
• Curves
• Lists/Arrays

Syntax

tan(var)

tanh

Returns the hyperbolic tangent of a double value. The hyperbolic tangent of x is defined to be (ex - e-x)/(ex + e-x), in other words, sinh(x)/cosh(x). Note that the absolute value of the exact tanh is always less than 1.

Special cases:

• If the argument is NaN, then the result is NaN.
• If the argument is zero, then the result is a zero with the same sign as the argument.
• If the argument is positive infinity, then the result is +1.0.
• If the argument is negative infinity, then the result is -1.0.

The computed result must be within 2.5 ulps of the exact result. The result of tanh for any finite input must have an absolute value less than or equal to 1. Note that once the exact result of tanh is within 1/2 of an ulp of the limit value of ±1, correctly signed ±1.0 should be returned.

Works with:

• Scalars
• Timeseries
• Curves
• Lists/Arrays

Syntax

tanh(var)

toDegrees

Converts an angle measured in radians to an approximately equivalent angle measured in degrees. The conversion from radians to degrees is generally inexact; users should not expect cos(toRadians(90.0)) to exactly equal 0.0.

Works with:

• Scalars
• Timeseries
• Curves
• Lists/Arrays

Syntax

toDegrees(var)

toRadians

Converts an angle measured in degrees to an approximately equivalent angle measured in radians. The conversion from degrees to radians is generally inexact.

Works with:

• Scalars
• Timeseries
• Curves
• Lists/Arrays

Syntax

toRadians(var)